![]() Voice assistants have become prevalent on a wide range of personal devices such as smartphones and smart speakers. Finally, we present a case study where we wirelessly inject a message into a Controller Area Network (CAN) bus, which is a differential signaling bus protocol used in many critical applications, including the automotive and aviation sector. We demonstrate the attack on a real system and show that the success rate can reach as high as $90\%$. We show how an attacker can exploit this to achieve a successful injection of an arbitrary bit, and we analyze the success rate of injecting longer arbitrary messages. We show in detail the principles of how an electromagnetic signal can bypass the noise rejection of differential signaling, and eventually result in incorrect bits in the receiver. Such an attack is a significant threat to many applications, from home security and privacy to automotive systems, critical infrastructure, or implantable medical devices in which incorrect data or unauthorized control could cause significant damage, or even fatal accidents. We show how this allows an attacker to inject bits or even arbitrary messages into a communication line. In this paper we challenge this assumption and show that an adversary can in fact inject malicious signals from a distance, purely using common-mode injection, i.e., injecting into both wires at the same time. This generally works well and has led many to believe that it is infeasible to remotely inject attacking signals into such a differential pair. Many protocols such as USB, Ethernet, and HDMI use differential signaling to achieve a robust communication channel in a noisy environment. This allows a receiver to reject any noise by looking at the difference between the two signals, assuming the noise affects both signals in the same way. Differential signaling is a method of data transmission that uses two complementary electrical signals to encode information. ![]()
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